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Spotlight on the Toyota Land Cruiser Heritage Edition

January 17, 2020 by admin Leave a Comment

2020 Toyota Land Cruiser Heritage Edition.

In the world of SUVs, the Toyota Land Cruiser is a rare breed. This traditional body-on-frame utility vehicle is designed to handle the most rugged terrain. But it also delivers around-town comfort, putting it within an exclusive family of luxury models.

That dichotomy makes the Land Cruiser so unusual. Few mainstream models dare to compete against loftier brands, but then the Land Cruiser predates most. Indeed, the forerunner of this four-wheel-drive vehicle rolled out in 1951, evolved, and has stayed in production since. More than 10,000,000 units have been built with distribution scattered across the globe.

Special Heritage Edition

The current U.S. version dates to 2007, but has benefitted since with significant changes made in 2013, 2015, and again in 2020. This year, a limited-edition Heritage edition is in place, marking the 60th anniversary of the introduction of the FJ40, which is largely recognized as the spiritual successor to the current model. The Heritage is a five-seat SUV and only 1,200 units are available in the U.S. this year.

Adding the Heritage trim effectively doubles the Land Cruiser’s model offerings. Besides eliminating the third-row seat, the Heritage drops the running boards, adds BBS 18-inch wheels, and brings in a roof basket. Access to the cargo area is still the same employing a split power-controlled tailgate: the top part lifts; the lower part drops down.

The Heritage edition leaves off the chrome, gains special wheels and has a basket roof rack.

Inside and Out

The Toyota Land Cruiser is a throwback, at least with its design. Despite modern touches such as LED lights, daytime running lights, a power moonroof, power tailgate, and alloy wheels, the canvas ties in well with earlier models.

Happily, Toyota doesn’t skimp on the details either, as it includes fog lamps, a roof rack, heated side mirrors, a rear spoiler, chrome embellishments (except on the Heritage edition), and aluminum running boards on the standard model.

Inside, the cabin is swathed in leather, which covers the seats, wraps the steering wheel, and tops the transmission shifter. Soft-touch materials, wood grain trim, and limited use of hard plastics in out-of-the-way places are other features of note.

The Land Cruiser comes with full power accessories, including a power-controlled tilt-and-telescopic steering column. Four-zone climate control is standard as is a cooler box between the front seats. The front seats are thick and all-day comfortable and come with heating and cooling control. The driver seat has 10-way control with lumbar support, while the passenger seat delivers 8-way control.

The second row 40-20-40 split-bench seat slides, reclines, folds, and tumbles. The outboard positions are heated. In models with the third-row 50-50 bench seat, that one folds flat as well.

Tech & Safety

Toyota equips the Land Cruiser with a 14-speaker JBL audio system, navigation, and a Qi wireless charging pad. Other features include a 9-inch touch-screen display, satellite radio, HD Radio, Siri Eyes Free, Bluetooth connectivity, and USB ports.

Sadly absent is smartphone compatibility as neither Android Auto nor Apple CarPlay integration is available. This fact stands even as more Toyota and Lexus products integrate the two systems, especially the latter.

But props are due to Toyota for including sought-after driver-assist safety features as standard equipment. Indeed, under the Toyota Safety Sense P umbrella, the Land Cruiser comes with automatic high beams, sway warning control, adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, and a pre-collision system with pedestrian detection.

However, Toyota’s version of active lane control – lane tracing assist – isn’t included. And although crash tests haven’t been conducted, we’re confident that the Land Cruiser’s mass makes this vehicle a whole lot safer than most any small car.

No third row seat means more standard cargo room for the Heritage edition.

Under the Hood and Off-Road

Powering every 2020 Land Cruiser model is a 5.7-liter V8 engine. This engine works with an 8-speed automatic transmission and outputs a robust 381 horsepower and 401 pound-feet of torque. Moreover, it has an “old school” feel to it and supplies the accompanying roar of a big V8 under hard acceleration.

The Land Cruiser’s four-wheel-drive system uses a TORSEN limited-slip locking center differential and a two-speed transfer case with a selectable low-range. When locked, the rear wheels turn in unison, regardless of traction. The transfer case aids in off-road chops, enabling the Land Cruiser to tackle the toughest terrain, including mud, which is where low transmission gearing comes in. These features underscore the Land Cruiser’s legendary status.

A solid rear axle and a ladder frame are two attributes particular to the Land Cruiser. It’s what enables this model to shine off-road, although it also means the Land Cruiser is bouncy around town, outmatched by the unibody design of the Mercedes-Benz GLC, for instance. Further, the steering is light to the touch, not especially weighted, and lacks the feedback we’d prefer.

Yet, once taken off-road, the Land Cruiser is in its element. It’s one of the few models that isn’t a Jeep Wrangler that also isn’t afraid to tackle the most challenging terrain. Sadly for us, our favorite trails at Uwharrie National Forest were closed for the winter, the same place where we navigated a Wrangler four-door last summer.

Still, there were plenty of other options nearby which weren’t as lengthy, yet were still challenging. Happily, the Land Cruiser responded with ease, with every approach, breakover, and departure angle tested with frequency. On one stretch of muddy terrain, the low-speed gearing proved its mettle. Essentially, the only difference between the Jeep and the Toyota is in its size as there are trails where the latter is too wide or at least should be outfitted with additional gear, including brush and light guards to protect vulnerable areas.

We’d be remiss if we omitted two other points about the Land Cruiser. First, this SUV pulls up to 8,100 pounds, when properly equipped. Thus, the Toyota keeps up with other big SUVs, including the Ford Expedition and Chevrolet Tahoe. Second, the Land Cruiser has a 24.6-gallon fuel tank. That’s a large hold, but also necessary as this SUV consumes gas with abandon. Fortunately, you’ll fuel up with regular grade instead of premium fuel, thus managing your costs somewhat.

A split-folding tailgate is standard and power operated.

Land Cruiser Considerations

Opting for a Land Cruiser is an $85,415 investment, plus a $1,395 destination charge. The Heritage edition costs $87,745.

The only package available is a rear-seat entertainment system ($2,200). This one comes with the standard model only and includes a pair of 11.6-in display screens, RCA jacks, HDMI input, a remote, and two wireless headphones.

In all, the Land Cruiser delivers maximum trail-tackling fun, along with a relatively upscale cabin. Yet, it doesn’t match the interior detailing of select BMW and Land Rover models. For that reason, the Lexus LX delivers the full amenities to take on the top tier, although its lower bumpers mean it cannot match the Land Cruiser’s off-road chops.

2020 Toyota Land Cruiser Specifications

Toyota	2020 Land Cruiser
Segment	Full-size SUV
Price Range	$85,415 to $87,745
Destination Charge	$1,395
Standard Engine	5.7-liter, V8
Horsepower	381 @ 5,600 rpm
Torque (lb.-ft.)	401 @ 3,600 rpm
Transmission	8-speed automatic
Seating	5 or 8
Curb Weight (pounds)	5,715 or 5,815
Wheelbase (inches)	112.2
Length (inches)	194.9
Width (inches)	77.95
Height (inches)	74.0
Headroom (f,r…inches)	38.3, 38.9, 35.8
Legroom (f,r…inches)	42.9, 34.4, 28.3
Shoulder room (f,r…inches)	61.0, 61.1, 62.3
Hip room (f,r…inches)	59.4, 58.6, 56.6
Storage (cubic feet)	16.1/41.4/82.8
Gross vehicle weight rating (pounds)	7,385
Towing (pounds)	8,100
Payload (pounds)	1,320
Fuel	regular
Fuel Tank (gallons)	24.6
EPA Fuel MPG (city/highway/combined)	13/17/14
Manufacturing Plant	Tokyo City, Japan

Data compiled by Tom Keegan. Specifications supplied by the manufacturer.

See Also — Iconic SUV: 2017 Toyota Land Cruiser

Highlights of the 2021 GMC Yukon/Yukon XL

January 15, 2020 by admin Leave a Comment

GMC took the wraps off of its next-generation full-size pickup trucks this month, introducing all-new 2021 Yukon and Yukon XL models. These flagship SUVs represent standard and stretched wheelbase versions of its largest utility vehicles and feature many changes, including an upgraded Denali line. The new models will be built in Texas and go on sale this summer.

Here are the highlights of GMC’s dynamic SUV duo:

1. Bigger than before. GMC’s big SUVs get even bigger for 2021. Both models enjoy at least a four-inch extension in their respective wheelbases and are up to half-foot longer than before. Cargo space in the Yukon is up at least 10 percent along with big gains in third-row legroom.

2. Three engine choices. GMC’s familiar gas engines return, although both are updated. This year, the two engines once again feature Dynamic Fuel Management, enabling the big SUVs to operate on as few as two cylinders. The third engine is a 3.0-liter turbocharged diesel V6, which is currently utilized in other GMC models. All three engines work with a 10-speed automatic transmission with push-button control.

3. Air suspension and a limited-slip differential. The 2021 Yukons will offer a new air suspension system as well as four-wheel drive with an electronic limited-slip differential. The differential continuously monitors road conditions and reacts by improving traction, handling, and control.

4. New AT4 line. Just as Denali has taken hold as a GMC sub-brand, the AT4 line is doing likewise. For 2021, the Yukon gets the AT4, one that includes several significant features. These include a two-speed transfer case, 20-inch all-terrain tires, hill descent control, a traction select system with off-road mode, skid plates, special AT4 leather-trimmed seats, a unique black interior, a heated steering wheel, heated and ventilated front seats, and heated outboard second-row seats.

5. Upgraded Denali trim. The Denali sub-brand brings a premium look and features to the Yukon line. In service since 1999, Denali is available across the GMC model line, but remains a favorite with the Yukon. Indeed, GMC says some 60 percent of Yukon models are Denalis. This year, the Denali has gained a bolder exterior and an all-new and exquisite interior. The cabin features a new instrument panel, unique seats, and four interior color choices. A larger chrome grille, upgraded exterior lighting, and a special lighting design amplify the outside. Other standout features include the latest magnetic control system, a 15-inch head-up display, rear pedestrian alert, and a high-definition surround-view camera.

6. Robust technologies. We already mentioned the available head-up display. Other improvements include a standard 10-inch diagonal center stack or an available 12.6-inch display. GMC also says that the Yukons’ processing power is five times as robust as before, allowing for future upgrades, including Super Cruise. Super Cruise is a semi-autonomous driving feature currently offered on Cadillac models and may eventually come to GMC.

7. Expanded technologies. Staying with the technology theme, the new Yukons will also benefit from a “broader availability of active safety features.” For instance, automatic emergency braking becomes standard across the Yukon line. The previously mentioned safety features including the HD surround vision camera, rear pedestrian alert, and a rear camera mirror are also noteworthy.

8. Improved trailering features. New trailering features designed to help improve hitching and imbue driving confidence when towing a trailer roll out. These include trailer profiles, trailer tire, pressure/temperature monitoring. and trailer side blind zone alert.

Looking Ahead

The one unknown about the 2021 Yukon has to do with price. Currently, a base Yukon model costs about $50,000, while the XL starts around $53,000. The top-trim models cost about $20,000 more, but with various package selections and individual upgrades, the cost can easily top $80,000. We think the high-end will now approach $90,000, but that’s still far less than the Cadillac Escalade, which can easily top six figures.

In all, the GMC duo will do what is expected, enabling GM to continue to dominate the segment. Indeed, about two-thirds of all large SUV sales are under a GM brand, with Chevrolet, GMC, and Cadillac easily outselling Ford and Lincoln, its closest competitors.

Photos and news details courtesy of GMC.

Sporty Performer: Honda Civic Si

January 11, 2020 by admin Leave a Comment

The Si is the sportiest of the Civic models outside of the Type R.

The Honda Civic is a compact car, available in coupe, hatchback, and sedan body styles. Along with the midsize Accord sedan and the compact CRV crossover, these three models comprise the lion’s share of Honda’s annual sales in the U.S.

Since its 1973 release, the Civic has grown from a tiny hatchback into a near midsize model. Now in its 10th generation, the Civic line demonstrates just how effective a model it is. Indeed, as competing manufacturers quit the segment or slow refreshes, Honda has doubled down with arguably the best-designed vehicle in the class.

As 2019 drew to a close, this writer had the pleasure of spending two weeks with the 2020 Honda Civic SI sedan (also available as a coupe), a sporty model that’s big on looks, technology, and performance. Honda markets the Si separately from the rest of the model line, therefore our attention is on this model only. The Si Sedan is priced from $25,200, plus a $955 destination charge. That was the price of our test model.

You can find various wheel upgrades and packages for further customization. One example is the Honda Factory Performance Package, which adds $3,999 to your cost. Here, you’ll find such features as an adaptive damper system, underbody spoilers front and side, 19-inch black alloy wheels, and summer tires. Special badging and black trim complete the highlights. When all is said and done, you’re looking at a $30,000 vehicle.

Bright colors and blacked out trim mark some Si models.

Styling Outtake

There are several features unique to the Civic Si, including fog lights, blacked-out trim, machine-finished alloy wheels, a center outlet exhaust, and a rear wing spoiler. The color choices are fantastic too, including the Rallye Red draping our test model.

Inside, the cabin’s sporty flair is immediately evident with the generously bolstered front seats, which includes red stitching and emblazoned “Si” markings. Shoulder, back, hip, and thigh support are spot-on or what you’d expect with this model. Front seat passengers will stay planted when tackling the twisties. That’s all we ask!

Other features of note include the standard moonroof, leather-wrapped steering wheel and shifter cover, aluminum pedals, and push-button start. Full power accessories, a tilt-and-telescopic steering column, and climate control are also included.

The Intersection of Tech & Safety

We applaud Honda for its “Honda Sensing” technology that’s standard with the Civic Si. This driver-assist suite includes a lane-keeping assist system, road departure mitigation, collision mitigation braking, and adaptive cruise control. Together, the package includes most features we’re seeing on modern cars at no additional cost.

One of our favorite Civic features is LaneWatch, which utilizes an embedded camera in the right-side exterior mirror. When activating the right turn signal, the camera captures that view and streams what it “sees” on the console display. This feature is very helpful when negotiating tight spaces and for cornering as anything outside of your line of sight is projected on the screen.

The Civic Si features a 7-inch display audio system with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto smartphone integration. The expected USB ports are present as is a 10-speaker audio system. Satellite radio and HD radio are bundled within.

Power to the Civic Si

What powers the Civic Si seems familiar, especially given that it is a turbocharged 1.5-liter four-cylinder engine that’s available with some trims. But unlike the one found in other trims, this one is tuned to deliver 205 horsepower and 192 pound-feet of torque. That’s a strong improvement over the 174 horsepower and 162 pound-feet of torque elsewhere.

It isn’t just engine power that sets the Si apart from the competition. This engine works exclusively with a close-ratio six-speed manual gearbox tasked with sending power to the front wheels. Immediately, I sensed how well this unit is engineered as it offers silky-smooth shifts and flawless clutch uptake. It rivals the engineering found in far more expensive models, a true delight for inspired driving.

The Civic Si offers generous step-off acceleration and passing power. Turbo lag was never evident, perhaps due in part to the manual shifts that control high revs and gear changes. It’s old-school driving at its best – three pedals of foot action with full driver engagement required. Take those cell phone distractions and autonomous driving – shifting for yourself may be gone for most, but where it’s available and keyed in, the exhilaration cannot go unrecognized.

A center exhaust system offers differentiation.

It’s on the back, twisty roads where the Civic Si proves its mettle. Here, you’ll measure performance more by its engaging steering and spot-on handling. And although most of the weight resides over the front wheels (60.3% front/ 39.7% rear), the Civic’s relatively small size is the difference-maker.

And so is the helical limited-slip differential included with this model. This system supplies stellar traction at all times, as it transfers power to the wheel with more grip. As a result, superior steering control is the name of the game – you’ll pull out of corners sooner and with confidence. Yes, understeer is present at times, but it does little to detract from the drive. Between the adaptive damper suspension system, limited-slip differential, and the turbocharged engine, the emphasis is on spirited driving.

I’ve driven both the Volkswagen Golf GTI and the Ford Focus ST and found the Civic Si holds its own, at least from a drivability standpoint. The competing duo produces more power – 228 hp for the Golf GTI and 252 hp for the now-retired Focus ST – so there is that.

Of course, if you require more power, then the Civic Type R may be to your liking. This one has a turbocharged 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine outputting 306 horsepower and 295 pound-feet of torque. While its competitors (Subaru WRX, Ford Focus RS, and Volkswagen Golf R) feature all-wheel drive, the Type R is front-wheel drive. We’d love to see an all-wheel-drive Civic, but that’s not happening, even with the refreshed 2020 Civic Type R

The center console and instrument panel with red highlights.

Making the Case

The Civic Si brings outstanding value to the class as every desirable feature is included. Unless you’re planning much track time, you don’t need to opt for the near $4,000 package upgrade. You can, however, upgrade to the summer tires at a much lower cost, which is ideal for anyone seeking a handling edge.

Naturally, if you desire even more performance, then hold on for the Type R which was introduced at the 2020 Tokyo Auto Salon this week. It comes as a five-door hatchback and includes a new two-piece brake motor design with new brake pads, engineered to reduce brake fade. New suspension dampers, stiffer rear bushings, and additional tweaks to the front suspension are also apparent. It’s a $10,000+ upgrade over the Civic Si, one that’s engineered for the ardent enthusiast.

The Si’s specially trimmed seats are covered in cloth.

2020 Honda Civic Si Specifications

Honda	2020 Civic Si Sedan
Segment	Compact car
Price	$25,200
Destination Charge	$955
Standard Engine	1.5-liter, turbo I4
Horsepower	205 @ 5,700 rpm
Torque (lb.-ft.)	192 @ 2,100 to 5,000 rpm
Transmission	6-speed manual
Seating	5
Curb Weight (pounds)	2,762
Wheelbase (inches)	106.3
Length (inches)	182.7
Width (inches)	70.9
Height (inches)	55.7
Head room (f,r…inches)	37.6, 36.9
Legroom (f,r…inches)	42.3, 38.8
Shoulder room (f,r…inches)	59.6, 57.0
Hip room (f,r…inches)	55.9, 54.5
Storage (cubic feet)	14.9
Gross vehicle weight rating (pounds)	NR
Towing (pounds)	NR
Payload (pounds)	NR
Fuel	regular
Fuel Tank (gallons)	18.5
EPA Fuel MPG (city/highway/combined)	20/29/23
Manufacturing Plant	Ontario, Canada

See Also — History of the Honda Civic

Data compiled by Tom Keegan. Specifications supplied by the manufacturer.

9 Winners and Losers of 2019

January 7, 2020 by admin Leave a Comment

Ram Trucks
Ram Truck brand sales topped 700,000 units sold for the first time in 2019.

It’s a wrap: 2019 is in the books. And if you’re thinking we’re a bit late sharing this information, hold on: the U.S. auto industry finished reporting its annual sales on Monday, closing out an extended period of news releases hyping the details.

We’ll cut to the chase and look at the winners and losers for the past year.

Winner: U.S. auto industry. This was supposed to be the year the industry fell below 17 million new light vehicles sold. Indeed, last year was also supposed to fall short. But neither year did. Yes, sales were down slightly year over year, by 1.6-percent, but managed to finish around 17.1 million units sold for the year. That’s five consecutive years of topping the 17 million mark. Importantly, there’s a chance we’ll see a sixth year for 2020.

Loser: American consumers. Stop right there: purchasing a new vehicle isn’t necessarily a bad thing. What’s problematic is the loan terms, which are averaging 68 months. Worse, is the availability of long-term loans of 72 and 84 months, respectively. That means there are a greater number of consumers paying for their new vehicle for seven years. What’s not always apparent are consumers rolling over their loan balances into a new loan. That’s a costly decision and very concerning.

Winner: Ram 1500 pickup truck. Yes, the Ford F-150 is the indisputable pickup truck king for four decades running. Indeed, the Ford F-Series recorded 896,526 units sold, down 1.41-percent versus the year earlier. The big news is the Ram 1500, which notched 633,694 vehicles sold, an increase of 18.01 percent. Not only is the Ram Pickup a big gainer, but it has displaced the Chevrolet Silverado as the number two seller in the U.S. Though Chevrolet has egg on its face by losing its place to Ram, GM still builds more full-size pickup trucks, selling 807,894 units of the Silverado and GMC Sierra combined.

Prius sales are falling, thanks in part to new models such as this Toyota Corolla Hybrid.

Loser: Toyota Prius Family. Hybrid sales continue to fall as fuel prices remain stable and well below historical highs reached in 2012 at $3.64 per gallon. With prices averaging $2.55 per gallon in December, models such as the Toyota Prius continue to lose appeal. Indeed, Prius sales fell by 20.84-percent in 2019 to 69,718 units. That’s less than half the Prius’ sold in 2012 and well below the peak 181K units purchased in 2007. Some of the sales have gone to other Toyota hybrid models as well as to new competitors, such as the Hyundai Ioniq.

Winner: Fiat Chrysler. The deal is all about done. That deal has Fiat Chrysler merging with the PSA Groupe to form the world’s fourth-largest automaker. FCA is a winner as it was the dream of its late CEO Sergio Marchionne to find a partner. The new company will realize economies of scale and be better positioned to work through vehicle electrification and autonomous driving, which are the two largest and costliest technologies of our time. Without a merger, FCA most likely would have been left behind.

Loser: Sedans. Remember when sedans (and coupes and convertibles) ruled the road? Sure, there were some pickup trucks and vans in the mix, but the family vehicle of choice was the sedan as well as its station wagon variant. Well, car sales continue to fall and now represent about one-quarter of the market. We said good-bye to the Chevrolet Cruze, Ford Taurus, and to the Hyundai Azera last year. Other Ford and Chevrolet models are also gone and the Volkswagen Beetle is no more. Likely, car sales will continue to fall for a few years before finally stabilizing. Manufacturers that stay in the segment may find the remaining market too good to ignore.

2019 Nissan Altima SR — Sedan sales are declining but new models such as this Nissan Altima are keeping the segment fresh.

Winner: Carlos Ghosn. The former Nissan and Renault CEO is now a free man. At least he’s freed from Japanese confinement as he snook his way out of the country and found his way to Lebanon. How he got there is a story for the ages and one that isn’t quite clear just yet. Regardless, Mr. Ghosn should stay out of jail as long as Lebanon ignores an international warrant and public opinion aligns with the executive as he tells his story. On the flip side, Nissan may prove the biggest loser, especially if the details of how it all went down raise serious questions.

Loser: UAW. The UAW appears the winner following a protracted strike with GM. Organized labor certainly looked strong as it kept GM plants shut for more than a month, representing the longest strike in nearly 50 years. The settlement yielded several gains for the rank and file, including forging a pathway to permanent employment for temporary workers. Also, GM created a shorter route to top-tier wages, agreed to keep open and transform one assembly plant targeted for closure, and maintained its strong health benefits for employees. So, how is the UAW the loser? The union failed to organize Volkswagen’s Tennessee plant, it remains shut out of Nissan factories in the U.S. and continues to lose members. Then there is the matter of a corruption scandal involving union brass. Several leaders accepted kickbacks from UAW vendors and contractors, enriching themselves at members’ expense. At least 10 individuals were involved, giving the UAW a black eye in the process.

Winner: New models. We like new and updated models. And we show our approval (or disapproval) in the way we carry out our purchase decisions. Several new models enjoyed success in 2019, registering big gains or significant sales as they debuted. Among them were the Audi Q8, BMW Z4, Cadillac XT4, Genesis G70, Nissan Kicks, and the Subaru Ascent. Other winners included the Ford Expedition, Honda Insight, Mercedes-Benz AMG GT, and the Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross.

The Audi Q8 debuted with robust sales to show for it.

2020 Auto Trends

We have a few predictions for 2020 to share, including our guess auto sales will narrowly top 17 million units for an unprecedented sixth consecutive year.

Further, we think the Chevrolet Corvette’s debut will be followed by announcements of even more powerful models. Moreover, Rivian Motors will get its first models to the market before the year closes, Ford and Volkswagen will form an alliance, and GM will not resurrect its Hummer brand. Lastly, Hyundai’s first pickup truck will arrive, Ford will keep the Mustang name on the Mach-E electric crossover, and Jeep will unveil its full-size SUVs.

Ghosn With the Wind: Nissan’s Former CEO Flees Japan, Now Resides in Lebanon

January 3, 2020 by admin Leave a Comment

Carlos Ghosn before his downfall. Photo courtesy of Nissan News.

Talk about a story filled with intrigue!

Former Nissan CEO Carlos Ghosn (pronounced Gone), under the watchful eyes of Japanese authorities, secretly left his home late last month and made his way to Lebanon, where he has taken residence. The executive’s bold move, certain to become the script for a Hollywood thriller, was illegal. That said, Ghosn insists he had no choice as he found the Japanese judicial system was “rigged” against him.

Ghosn’s story starts in 1999, when he crafted the alliance that united France’s Renault automobile group with Nissan Motors. This unlikely alliance effectively saved Nissan, while allowing Renault to tap its partner for a variety of vehicles. Later, Mitsubishi was added to the alliance, effectively forming the largest alliance of its kind in the world.

Although the two principal manufacturers benefited by working together, Ghosn was intent on bringing the companies closer together, likely through a full merger. Apparently, that move did not sit well with Nissan executives (perhaps valuing their independence), who then allegedly plotted to remove Ghosn from his position. Charges of financial impropriety were lodged against him and both companies removed Ghosn from their executive roles.

Meanwhile, Japanese authorities jailed Ghosn with the intent of convicting him of a series of crimes, which likely would have kept him Incarcerated until his death. The Japanese legal system is quite different from what we’re used to in the West, particularly in the United States, where an individual is considered innocent until proven guilty.

In Japan, an individual may stay in jail for months, if not years, until his trial is completed. Ghosn was not allowed attorney representation early on, and even then the contact was always limited. Twice he was released on bail, following arrest, the second time confined to his home in Japan under the watchful eyes of the authorities. He was also restricted from seeing his family, including his wife.

Just how Ghosn managed to leave Japan for Lebanon remains a mystery. A rumor that he was packed in a musical instrument box and shipped to Lebanon with a stop in Turkey, was one of the first stories to surface. The plot thickened when it appeared that the executive’s own family was involved, an allegation Ghosn later denied. At this point, we do not know the complete details of his whirlwind escape, but they will eventually emerge.

Beyond his uncanny escape and emergence in Lebanon, Ghosn will now fight back by settling some old scores. Expect the former executive to name names and point out misdeeds for both Nissan and Renault executives. Published reports indicate that the information he plans to share could prove devastating, especially to Nissan, which has been losing money and market share over the past few years.

Moreover, what’s also likely to be scrutinized is Japan’s legal system, which routinely jails individuals as prosecutors enjoy a conviction rate above 99 percent. That system essentially ensured conviction for Ghosn, even as he insisted upon his innocence.

Another result of Ghosn’s new-found freedom is the Renault-Nissan alliance itself – depending on what Ghosn shares — as its future may be in peril. Regardless, the fallout will be enormous as corporate and government officials wrestle with his escape and the subsequent detailing of Ghosn’s allegations.

Likely, Ghosn will support his charges with witnesses and perhaps documentation, both of which could make this story front pages news for a long time.

As for Ghosn’ future, it likely lies in Lebanon as this Middle Eastern country does not have an extradition treaty with Japan. Ghosn also has French and Brazilian passports, but they’re in the hands of his attorney in Japan. On Thursday, Interpol delivered a “red notice” to Lebanon which is “a request to law enforcement worldwide to locate and provisionally arrest a person pending extradition, surrender, or similar legal action.” It isn’t an arrest warrant, but it does mean Lebanese authorities will interview Ghosn to get his side of the story in this highly charged affair.

See Also — Top Automotive Stories of 2019

Toyota Yaris: Small Footprint; Big Value

January 1, 2020 by admin Leave a Comment

The 2020 Toyota Yaris is subcompact model with hatchback and sedan choices.

If you take heed to various Internet reports, you may think that new car ownership is far beyond your reach. Indeed, in May 2019, Kelly Blue Book reported the average transaction price for a light vehicle (passenger vehicle) was $37,185.

But the average transaction price can be certainly misleading, as it is based on what consumers choose, including luxury models and well-equipped pickup trucks. The market for sub-$20,000 vehicles remains strong with most manufacturers offering multiple models. For its part, Toyota is represented by three models, including two Yaris subcompacts: a sedan and a hatchback.

That Toyota still offers any models priced below $20,000 is amazing, especially as most come with its Toyota Safety Sense 2.0 package of driver-assist technology features. These safety items aid drivers in avoiding accidents, while also reducing their insurance premiums. But the tech is not cheap: it can cost thousands of dollars per vehicle to offer a full suite. Toyota offers the tech to stay ahead of federal requirements and to supply consumers with what they want.

As for the Yaris, it doesn’t have TSS 2.0. Instead, it features low-speed forward collision warning, and forward automatic emergency braking. Why the omission of adaptive cruise control, lane keep assist, and other features? For the simple reason the Yaris isn’t really a Toyota.

Yes, the Yaris is branded by Toyota, but it is the work of Mazda, which is partly owned by Toyota and remains a strategic partner for several projects, including this model and an upcoming jointly owned factory in Alabama. The current-generation Yaris, introduced in 2017, replaces a Toyota designed and built-in-France vehicle. This one originally was developed for Scion and is still sold as the Mazda 2 in many other markets, but not in the U.S.

Design Highlights

Mazda’s design influence is all over the Yaris. In fact, save for the appropriate Toyota badging and thin upper grille, everything about the Yaris is a Mazda.

That’s not just a badge thing either, especially if you’re already a fan of the brand’s KODO (soul of motion) design scheme. The look includes curving lines, rounded edges, and pulled-in corners. It adds a distinctive look to each model, adding personality too.

The list of standard features is impressive with the hatchback as this model comes with fog lamps, heated side mirrors, alloy wheels, and a rear spoiler. LED lights are standard with the top trim model.

Inside, the cabin is a cut above what you’d expect in this segment with its split dashboard, choice materials, and spacious door pockets. Where cabins from another era screamed “cheap,” the Yaris’ interior imparts an upscale vibe.

The front seats aren’t especially comfortable, however, especially for tall passengers. My six-foot-frame felt alright, until I realized thigh support was lacking an inch or two of room that would have been desirable. As for the rear compartment, the space back there is also quite small, suitable best for a pair of youngsters. We think most people will opt for the hatch and the extra utility gained by folding down the rear seat.

The list of standard interior features includes full power accessories, push-button start, air conditioning, and cloth seats. Opt for the top-trim model and you’ll gain a tilt-and-telescopic steering column, imitation leather seats, and automatic climate control.

Tech and Safety

You won’t find lots of high tech features the Yaris, but you’ll enjoy enough to find the experience satisfying. At least that’s our opinion.

The 2020 Yaris has a 7-inch touch-screen display, a six-speaker audio system, Bluetooth, two USB ports and now comes with Android Auto and Apple CarPlay smartphone compatibility. The latter choice is new for this year and is a welcome feature, especially with the included turn-by-turn navigation features.

As for the display, it won’t look familiar to Toyota owners as the Mazda layout was kept with this model. Still, the panel features big icons and may also be managed by a control knob.

Toyota products also have a standard suite of safety features offered under the Toyota Safety Sense 2.0 umbrella. But because the Yaris is, in fact, a Mazda, those features are not included with this model. TSS 2.0 is one of the more advanced packages offered and includes lane keep assist and adaptive cruise control. Although those features are absent, the Yaris does have low-speed automatic emergency braking with collision avoidance warning.

Under the Hood & On the Road

All versions of the 2020 Yaris are motivated by a 1.5-liter four-cylinder engine. This one develops 106 horsepower and 103 pound-feet of torque and works with a six-speed automatic transmission (a six-speed manual gearbox is standard with the Yaris L sedan).

The Yaris is geared toward efficiency, with a 40 mpg highway rating. Keep this point in mind when pressing down on the gas pedal and the return on your effort is a token response, at best. Indeed, the Yaris simply shines as a Point A to Point B vehicle, as it delivers just enough propulsion to move this diminutive model.

We give the Yaris props for its decent steering and nimble handling. The brakes are firm, but we should remind you that the ride is bumpy at times – this vehicle simply isn’t large enough to consume most abrasions. Kudos for the manufacturer for delivering a smooth-shifting automatic too.

Choosing Your Yaris

Toyota offers the 2020 Yaris sedan in L, LE, and XLE trims and the hatchback in LE and XLE trims. The sedan starts at $15,650 and tops out at $18,750. The hatchback costs either $17,750 or $18,750. All prices do not include the $945 freight charge. There are no package options available, therefore you won’t find such amenities as a premium audio system, leather seats, or a 115-volt outlet.

Our pick for either body style is the top-trim XLE. This model delivers everything the Yaris offers and at a final cost below $20,000. Also, we’d choose the hatchback as it has more cargo-carrying space than the sedan.

Competitive Set: Hyundai Accent, Kia Rio, Chevrolet Sonic, Ford Fiesta, Nissan Versa, Volkswagen Golf, and Honda Fit.

2020 Toyota Yaris Specifications

Toyota	2020 Yaris
Segment	Subcompact car
Price Range	$15,650 to $18,750
Destination Charge	$945
Standard Engine	1.5-liter, I4
Horsepower	106 @ 6,000 rpm
Torque (lb.-ft.)	103 @ 4,000 rpm
Transmission	Six-speed manual or automatic
Seating	5
Curb Weight (pounds)	From 2,385
Wheelbase (inches)	101.2
Length (inches)	171.2
Width (inches)	66.7
Height (inches)	58.7
Head room (f,r…inches)	38.2, 36.8
Legroom (f,r…inches)	41.9, 34.4
Shoulder room (f,r…inches)	53.1, 50.0
Hip room (f,r…inches)	48.6, 49.5
Storage (cubic feet)	15.9 (hatchback); 13.5 (sedan)
Gross vehicle weight rating (pounds)	NR
Towing (pounds)	NR
Payload (pounds)	NR
Fuel	regular
Fuel Tank (gallons)	11.6
EPA Fuel MPG (city/highway/combined)	32/40/35
Manufacturing Plant	Mexico

Data compiled by Tom Keegan. Specifications supplied by the manufacturer.

See Also — Highlights of the 2020 Hyundai Accent

Fab Five

1. UAW Strike Labors On – The UAW, itself embroiled in scandal, went ahead and launched a protracted strike against GM. Originally expected to end within a few days, the strike lasted longer than a month, causing the longest shutdown in the past half-century. GM lost billions of dollars during the strike, agreeing to keep one plant open and save some jobs. We think the labor victory will ultimately prove shallow as it’ll force GM to find additional ways to save money long term, with job loss gradually increasing.

2. Carlos Ghosn Debacle – Is he guilty or not? Former Nissan CEO Carlos Ghosn was jailed in November 2018 for a variety of charges, including fraud. What was shocking wasn’t so much the alleged scandal, but how the Japanese justice system treated the former executive. Ghosn was isolated, often without legal representation, and the charges against him seemed stacked. On the next to the last day of the year, Ghosn flew to Lebanon where he most likely will stay and avoid a return to Japan. The story isn’t over yet nor are the many twists and turns that defined this relationship.

3. FCA-PSA Merger – One year after its Sergio Marchionne died, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles has fulfilled one of the CEO’s important goals: a full merger with another automaker. FCA, the product of a big merger earlier this decade, is set to join forces with France’s PSA Groupe to form the world’s fourth-largest automaker. The deal should conclude by late 2020, but we may not know for a few more years the status of various brands (including the eponymous Chrysler) and certain models (the Dodge Challenger and Charger, for example).

4. Introducing An All-New Corvette – We won’t see a new Corvette for a few months, as production was delayed due to the strike as mentioned in our first story. What’s significant about the Corvette is that GM will finally transition its sports car to a mid-engine layout. As a result, even the base Stringray will immediately become the fastest Corvette ever. Also of note is the base price, as that will come in at under $60,000. Soon after the new model arrives, we should hear about follow-up versions with more powerful engines and the lofty price tags to go with it.

5. Ford Adds an Electric Mustang – Ford’s Mustang is America’s pony car, but it will soon be joined by an all-electric SUV. The Ford Mustang Mach-E is its name, an all-new model built on a separate platform, but sporting the iconic model’s name. With many Mustang styling cues, the EV gives a connection to the coupe, but the resemblance ends there. We dislike Ford’s decision and have followed the anger of Mustang faithful, including some who feel deeply betrayed. There’s still time for Ford to change the name, but we doubt it will.

Honorable Mention

Among the other stories of note for 2019 include Nissan’s drop in market share, the Tesla Cybertruck debut, the expanding financial backing for upstart Rivian Automotive, the electric truck/utility vehicle maker, and the ongoing shift away from cars to crossovers and trucks.

Stories about driverless cars and full electrification dominated; we’re also on the cusp of seeing the first Chinese automotive brand arrive stateside.

Possible Scenarios

Looking ahead, we expect many of the current stories to play out, with perhaps a few twists along the way. Auto Trends expects another blockbuster merger announcement in 2020 with perhaps Volkswagen and Ford tying the knot. A suitor for GM seems possible, but will Hyundai/Kia make the bold move to acquire or will it allow a Chinese company to jump in first? Finally, we’ll continue to see more car models die, but a few will hang on and likely thrive in a smaller market.

Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay

6 Year-End Car Buying Tips

December 28, 2019 by admin Leave a Comment

2019 Volvo V60

The best opportunities to purchase a new vehicle is during a manufacturer’s transition times, including model changeover, the end of a generational build, and as the calendar moves from December to January. The following six tips can save you money, enabling you to drive off in a new ride with your budget intact.

1. End of Model Year

Car manufacturers used to make the model year transition in October, by updating its full product line across the board. All-new models were timed to release in the fall, putting big pressure on manufacturers to get cars to dealers in time for seasonal advertising campaigns.

These days, new models come out throughout the year, allowing manufacturers to stagger releases. When a new model debuts, manufacturers typically place incentives on previous model year vehicles to help clear dealer inventories. Consumers should learn when the transition is being made and follow the manufacturer’s website to discover what incentives — including rebates and special financing – are in place.

2. Old Design Versus New Design

Car manufacturers usually keep a model for five or six years before a complete redesign is made. In the interim, minor annual refreshes are made along with a mid-product-cycle update that is typically accomplished by the fourth year.

A complete design change signifies a generation shift. Older vehicles are routinely discounted as manufacturers seek to clear out inventory. Discounts may be deeper than with the traditional model year change-over as automakers begin to promote the new model that will cost consumers close to the sticker price.

The all-new Jeep Gladiator (l) and the Jeep Wrangler (r).

3. Black Friday Shopping

There are times during the year when car dealers see a plunge in showroom traffic. One of those days is the Friday after Thanksgiving, the traditional start of the Christmas shopping season. It is called Black Friday, what used to mark the day when merchants began to make a profit for the year, which is represented by going from red ink to black ink on financial statements.

Black Friday has another meaning for car dealers: a dearth of car-buying customers. With fewer customers in dealer showrooms throughout Thanksgiving weekend and with the month about to close, consumers may find dealers are eager to negotiate to meet their quotas. Meeting those quotas means receiving more money from manufacturers for reaching their sales goals, something that would not happen if consumers stayed busy buying Christmas presents, not new cars.

4. From Christmas to the New Year

Just as Black Friday may present a special opportunity to strike a deal, the period between Christmas and the New Year can also be a good time to negotiate a new vehicle purchase. Such deals may last a few days into the new year as dealers and manufacturers will close their books no later than Jan. 4.

Car manufacturers are obsessed with market share and use these sales numbers for marketing promotion. As the year fades, automakers know which models or brands stand the chance of finishing on top and may promote these accordingly. For example, Mercedes-Benz, BMW, and Lexus have an annual battle for luxury vehicle leadership. Year-end discounting usually begins in Nov. and lasts until early Jan. You’ll also find financing and leasing deals.

5. Arranging Your Own Financing

You are in a much better negotiating position when buying a new car if you offer a 100-percent cash (all-cash) transaction. However, most of us cannot afford a heavy cash outlay, instead, we rely on loan financing or a lease to swing our deals. Car dealers offer financing, usually through the manufacturer’s financing arm as well as from banks.

Often, new cars come with incentives allowing buyers to choose between cashback or a low-rate loan. You can also arrange your own financing before you shop for a car. In this case, when you’re ready to buy, give the dealer your loan information and ask to have the rebate applied to your total. Credit unions typically offer the lowest financing rates, making it worth your while to come in with your own loan and take the rebate.

6. Rebates and Dealer Incentives

We already looked at rebates and financing, but there are other rebates available to consumers. Manufacturers like to woo customers with various enticements, but these special offers are generally not publicized. It pays to do your homework by studying the manufacturer’s website.

For example, the Toyota College Graduate Finance Program provides a $500 rebate on select Toyota models and sweetens that offer by writing loans with no money down and deferring the first payment for 90 days. Its program is open to recent college graduates, people that have secured a college degree within the past two years.

Also, the Ford Motor Company awards $500 bonus cash on most Ford and Lincoln products to active duty and recently retired military personnel and their families through its Military Appreciation program. Here, military retirees have up to 24 months after leaving service (separation) to remain eligible for the rebate.

Other manufacturers usually provide similar rebates and may also offer discounts to first responders, credit union members, suppliers, and their employees. These extra incentives are typically on top of other offers and may be applied to the purchase price of the new vehicle.

2019 Chevrolet Silverado LT

Saving Money

It isn’t that difficult to save money on your new vehicle purchase. Study the manufacturer’s website, visit local dealer sites, and keep in mind the special offers listed here when negotiating your price. It is possible to save thousands of dollars, especially on well-equipped models. Don’t allow cash offers to fall to the wayside by not having the dealer apply what’s available to you.

See Also — Care Tips for Your New Vehicle

Car Rental Primer: What You Need to Know

December 26, 2019 by admin Leave a Comment

Whether you need a car to take a vacation or to borrow one while your car is getting repaired, a car rental can get you behind the wheel of a vehicle quickly. Car rental periods may range from hours to weeks or longer, with nearly any make or model available. Each car rental company establishes its own rules and guidelines, therefore we will examine the general practices of the industry and include tips on how you can secure a quality rental for less.

Car Rental Overview

The car rental industry is made up of multiple players, but three companies dominate. Enterprise, Hertz and Avis lead the industry and all three own other companies.

For example, Enterprise owns Alamo and National, Hertz owns Dollar and Thrifty, and Budget belongs to Avis. Other car rental companies include Advantage, Payless, Rent-a-Wreck, Fox, and Sixt. There are regional operators too and you also may be able to rent a car from your car dealer.

Shop and compare prices online; booking via the Internet will often bring you the best deals.

Flexibility Equals Savings

Expect to pay more for a car if you rent it on a weekday than on the weekend. Business travelers usually rent from Monday to Friday, driving up prices on those days. Weekend rates will often kick in on Friday and provide you with a car until Monday morning.

If you need a car for four or five days compare that cost to renting a car for an entire week. Usually, the rental rate for a week is less than a five-day rental. You should be able to return the car early without a penalty too.

Car Insurance Considerations

Besides the basic daily rate for renting a car, you will find that car insurance is offered. Rates vary, but can range from about $8 to as much as $30 per day reports Bankrate.com. Also, your credit card provider may have you covered should you get in an accident. Contact your provider and ask if damage and total loss are covered. If so, charge your next car rental to that credit card.

Your auto insurance company may have you covered as well. For just a few extra dollars per term, your rental car can be protected. However, a deductible will apply and your insurance rates may be affected if you file a claim. Moreover, it won’t cover the rental car company’s loss of use, a cost the company will charge you for as long as the vehicle is out of commission or until a replacement vehicle arrives.

To Upgrade or Not

You’ve asked for a compact car and for $37 per day that is a price you can live with. That said, it isn’t uncommon for car rental companies to bump customers up to a larger vehicle at no extra cost, putting you behind the wheel of a midsize sedan or an SUV instead.

A larger vehicle will drive up your fuel costs, so decline the offer if that matters to you. In any case, you will also want to refuel the car yourself as car rental companies may charge you more than twice the price of a gallon of fuel if you opt for this service.

Higher Mileage Vehicles

Rental car companies have typically turned cars over after 25,000 to 30,000 miles, selling these vehicles to the public or at auction. In 2006, Hertz held a car for about 10 months, but by 2012 it extended its hold to 18 months.
The car your rent today can easily have 35,000 miles on the odometer to well over 50,000 miles according to the Wall Street Journal. Rental cars are usually very well maintained, thus mileage is rarely a concern. You can, however, ask for a replacement car at the rental counter.

Vehicle Safety Check

Always check the rental car before you get behind the wheel and drive off. You are liable for damages and if an existing scratch, ding or dent is not noted on the rental agreement, you could be held liable.

Don’t overlook examining the tires as any car with higher miles should have had at least one tire replaced. Bald tires are dangerous, reducing grip when you need it most. Check the headlights, the turn signals, navigation and audio systems as well. Your agent will supply you with an emergency contact number before you begin your journey.

Surveying the car rental car market can help you find deals. Moreover, if you are a regular renter, join the company’s loyalty program for additional discounts and perks.

See Also — Your Rental Car Insurance Options

Photo Credit: By Clotee Pridgen Alloc…, CC BY-SA 3.0, Link

9 Facts About the 2020 Buick Envision

December 23, 2019 by admin Leave a Comment

The Buick Envision is a small luxury sport utility vehicle, one of four crossovers offered by GM’s premium brand. Buick rolled out the Envision in 2016 and has made light changes since. Let’s take a look at this crossover and what to consider when shopping this model.

1. Made in China. The Buick Envision is one of the first Chinese-built models sold in the USA. Other than the Volvo S60, we haven’t seen the onslaught of low-cost models from the world’s largest consumer country.

2. Mainstream or Luxury? Buick is supposed to represent the middle ground between Chevrolet and Cadillac. In some ways it succeeds in this endeavor, as it delivers luxury features for less, including standard imitation leather seats, 8-way power-controlled and heated front seats, four USB ports, and Wi-Fi capability.

3. Available in five trims. The 2020 Envision comes in five trims: 1SV, Preferred, Essence, Premium I, and Premium II. Prices range from $31,995 to $44,495, plus a $1,195 destination fee.

4. Ample storage space. Crossovers supply generous storage capacity and the Buick Envision is no exception. Behind the rear seat you’ll enjoy 26.9 cubic feet of space. With the rear seat folded, the cargo capacity more than doubles to 57.3 cubic feet.

5. Satisfactory standard performance. The Envision’s standard engine has an output of 197 horsepower and 192 pound-feet of torque, which is about 15 percent more power than the Nissan Rogue. This engine works with a six-speed automatic transmission. You’ll average about 25 mpg with this model.

6. Optional boosted performance. While the standard engine gets it done, some shoppers are looking for performance. Fortunately, the turbocharged 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine is an option worth considering. It has an output of 252 horsepower and 295 pound-feet of torque and works with a 9-speed automatic transmission, making it a strong competitor to luxury models such as the Audi A3 and Lexus NX. This engine is standard with the Envision Premium and comes with all-wheel drive. You’ll average about 22 mpg with this model.

7. Steering, handling, and tuning. The Envision isn’t a performance model, but it does offer a comfortable ride as it absorbs most road abrasions with ease. The steering is light to the touch, while this SUV handles as expected on twisty roads. It isn’t an especially engaging model as it lacks the performance characteristics of pricier luxury competitors.

8. Available all-wheel drive. Not offered with the standard trim, the Envision’s all-wheel-drive system costs about $1,750, beginning with the Preferred trim. Choose AWD if you live where wintry conditions are common.

9. Packages for your consideration. Not all Envision trims offers package options, but of those that do, the Driver Confidence Package ($1,545) and Active Package ($695) are worth considering. The first package bundles such features as enhanced automatic braking and a surround-view camera system. The second package includes an integrated cargo liner and a trailer package. When properly equipped, the Envision can pull up to 1,500 pounds.

The 2020 Buick Envision

Buick’s Envision checks many of the right marks for shoppers seeking a premium utility vehicle. Strong discounting, robust financing and leasing terms, and competitive warranties bring value to the model line. We recommend starting your build with the Preferred trim, but head right to the Premium if you prefer the turbo engine and access to the full list of available amenities.

2020 Buick Envision Specifications

Buick	2020 Envision
Segment	Midsize SUV
Price Range	$31,995 to $44,495
Destination Charge	$1,195
Engine No. 1	2.5-liter, I4
Horsepower	197 @ 6,300 rpm
Torque (lb.-ft.)	192 @ 4,400 rpm
Transmission	6-speed automatic
Engine No. 2	2.0-liter, turbo I4
Horsepower	252 @ 5,500 rpm
Torque (lb.-ft.)	295 @ 3,000 rpm
Transmission	9-speed automatic
Seating	5
Curb Weight (pounds)	3,755 to 4,083
Wheelbase (inches)	108.3
Length (inches)	183.7
Width (inches)	72.4
Height (inches)	66.8
Headroom (f,r…inches)	40.0, 38.5
Legroom (f,r…inches)	40.9, 37.5
Shoulder room (f,r…inches)	57.0, 55.8
Hip room (f,r…inches)	54.4, 53.1
Storage (cubic feet)	26.9, 57.3
Gross vehicle weight (pounds)	NR
Towing (pounds)	1,500
Payload (pounds)	NR
Fuel	Regular
Fuel Tank (gallons)	17.3
EPA Fuel MPG (city/highway/combined)	22/29/25 (FWD); 20/25/22 (turbo)
Manufacturing Plant	Germany

Data compiled by Tom Keegan. Specifications supplied by the manufacturer.

See Also — Upscale SUV: 2019 Buick Envision

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